The Theory and Medical Treatment of ADHD

For the past several decades the terms learning disorders, learning dysfunctions, learning disabilities, learning differences, and attention-deficit disorders have made the rounds in the educational, medical, and psychological journals. The concepts have been studied routinely and thoroughly with similar and distinct differences. Some theoreticians and educators include the concepts of dyslexia, hyperactivity, interrupted concentration, anxiety, perceptual dysfunction, and a host of other variables as belonging to the definition of what should be called a learning puzzle rather than a dysfunction. If the perception of a piece is placed before the recognition of the whole, then treatment is item specific and not supportive of the entire structure. In other words, learning, and the process whereby it is completed or interrupted, must be viewed in relation to the whole structure rather than identified by its parts. The learning puzzle can be properly described as an intricate formation of a human's neurological, physiological, psychological, and sociological systems (parts) blended together to produce a healthy functioning individual (whole). The â€Å"act† of learning is accomplished optimally when all parts of the puzzle are functioning without interruption. However, when learning is interrupted through external or internal stimuli the puzzle cannot be completed and negative results occur. The lack of puzzle completion is brought about both environmentally and medically. For example: A lack of educational opportunity, poor self esteem, and even peer pressure (environmental leaning interruption) can help to erode the puzzle structure and produce a dysfunctional situation in the learning process (Jourard, 1959). Similarly, should there exist a malfunction in the body (medical part) disruption in learning can occur as well; thus preventing the puzzle from becoming complete. The focus, therefore, of this paper will be to report on that which causes learning to be disrupted through a medical variable (hyperactivity) and the treatment that can be applied to permit learning to take place on a much more normal basis. The literature is replete with references to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) and the learning consequences. Generally speaking AD/HD is characterized by developmentally inappropriate impulsivity, attention, and hyperactivity. It is a neurological disorder (DSM-IV-TR, 2000; Breggin, 2000) that has serious consequences including school failure, problems with relationships, conduct disorder, substantive abuse and job failure (Bagwell, 2001; Cepeda, 2000). More specifically AD/HD refers to a family of related chronic neurobiological disorders that interfere with an individual's capacity to regulate activity level (hyperactivity), inhibit behavior (impulsivity), and attend to tasks (inattention) in developmentally appropriate ways. Treatment for the disorder runs the gambit from behavioral therapy (Rabiner, 2003), to herbal remedies (Chan, 2000), to medication (Biederman, 1999). For the most part the drugs used to treat AD/HD are those, which must be prescribed by a physician. Regardless of the drug prescribed the most effective way to treat AD/HD is to use a combination of drugs and therapy. The most common, as well as most familiar, prescriptive medications used for the treatment of AD/HD in children are those stimulants known as methylphenidates (Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate-ER) and amphetamines (Dexedrine, Dexedrine Spansules, Adderall. (Breggin, 1998; Watkins and Brynes, 1999). However, administering these particular drugs to AD/HD children reportedly has some rather severe ramifications such as drug dependency, changing brain chemistry, suppressing appetite, and disrupting the growth hormone. Stimulant medications commonly used to decrease distractibility by increasing focus and concentration, are Ritalin, Dexedrine and Cylert. The general misconception is that this type of medication is used to control hyperactivity. However, the decrease in observable hyperactivity is actually the result of increased ability to concentrate. On the other hand there are even some researchers and practitioners who believe that Ritalin can also lead the way to the use of other narcotics and drugs as the child gets older. Yet there are those who believe that even though the use of Ritalin should be discontinued, they believe the AD/HD child can be placed in a more compliant or submissive state with medications that will permit the child to gain control over the disruptive behavior and learn more (Pelham, Carlson, Sams, Vallano, Dixon, & Hoza, 1993; Runnheim et al. 1996; Barkley, R. A. ,1990). Just because an AD/HD child may have a positive reaction to medication is not indicative that medication is all that is required to produce the desired learning and behavioral results. The medications do not cure the disorder; they only control the symptoms while the medication is in the system. Knowing that medications may help a child pay better attention they do not improve the child's academic skills or increase the child's knowledge. What is most often recommended for lasting improvement is to combine a medical management program with other treatment modalities such as behavioral therapy, emotional support, and parental and educational involvement. The concern today is that everyone is looking for a miracle cure for AD/HD children. Successful treatment of AD/HD requires specifically dealing with several problems in terms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, and poor motivation. In fact the more the treatment digresses from the aforementioned performance points, the less successful the treatment becomes. Knowing that proper nutrition, exercise and a healthy lifestyle is important for everyone, including ADHD children, there is extremely little scientific evidence that any homeopathic or herbal preparations will lessen or eliminate the symptoms of AD/HD in children. In addition there is little evidence as well treating an AD/HD child with vitamin and mineral supplements, biofeedback, or acupuncture will have any long-lasting affect. The life of an AD/HD child can only change for the better through a combination of careful assessment, proper counseling, family involvement, and appropriate medical treatment.

A Study in Adaptation Essay

Among the monographs found in the Culture and Ecology in East Africa Project is that of the work of Walter Goldschmit, entitled â€Å"The Sebei: A Study in Adaptiona. † It is among the ethnographic studies conducted to shed light on a particular community, which is that of Sebei. The project previously mentioned to which the monograph belongs is that of the University of California in Los Angeles which also carries the research design that was followed by the entire project (Mead 938). It has become important to evaluate this study because of the important role it plays in the field of ethnography and in the lives of the Sebei people. This paper will include the synopsis, a critique of the book, and the relationship with the materials and discussions found in the class. Synopsis of the Book The book primarily focuses on the people of Sebei, the socio-economic modes followed by the people there, and the adaptations which has happened throughout the existence of the community. People from Sebei speak Nilotic and have a connection with the Nandi and Kipsigis (MacGaffey 110). These people lives in the southeastern portion of Uganda and the elements of this community which has been discussed include the â€Å"history, environment, policy, social organization, animal husbandry, agriculture, a cash economy, sexual roles and marriage, child rearing, initiation, and the Sebei belief system† (Beidelman 542). The wide variety of the factors that have been covered in the study has been instrumental to the focus of the book, which is that of the ways of living of the people and how they have economically survived the environment they lived in. There are two environments which have been considered in the book to show the adaptive processes of the community under study. One is the area which is well-watered and is situated in the slopes of the mountains and the second is in the dry lands of the plains. With the conditions found in the said communities, there are also adaptive measures which have been taken by the people in terms of the production of their food and ways of living. One community concentrated on the hunting and gathering means of production because of the factors in the environment which makes this the most acceptable form of gathering food and sustaining the needs of the community. On the other hand, it is agriculture which has become the primary mode of economic production followed because of the availability of fertile soil that could be used for crops. Moreover, access to water is available that makes this a better option for the people. More so, it is seen to be the most effective in consideration of the available resources and conditions for the people. Economics-wise, this is the best methods for the respective communities discussed. Through time, it has been proven that Sebei people have the capability to adapt easily to changes in their environment and new situations which they are placed in (Mead 938). It has been shown in the book that the people have been able to be in contact with the Europeans when this group has been in a point where they are trying to adapt with the demands brought about by intra-African connections. The flexibility in adapting to such cultures has been carried out by the group by following the previous methods which have been used before by the group. It has been proven to be an effective pattern for the people since their first interaction with other cultures. Critique of the Book This particular book can be considered as one of the best monographs that have been written of an Ugandan community because of its succinctness and thoroughness. The ability of the author to present facts and data near what is real is considered to be a vital element of the author’s work. The author’s ability to record and research the past of the community has been helpful. The author, himself, has done quite an extensive job in proving the authenticity of his claims where there are primary evidences, such as photos, that has been shown together with the narratives provided. In writing a book, the ability of the author to provide evidences, especially in the field of ethnography, is considered to be vital in establishing the credibility and authenticity of the monograph. In a sense, this adds to the ability of the monograph to convince its readers that what is being said and shown in the account is true. Moreover, the book has shown one community but the picture that has been drawn and what has been learned over the discussions made of the particular community studied can be used in order to understand the African perspective. More so, the means of adoption that has been studied can be taken to a larger picture where it is also seen to exist in other areas and in different times. It has been found that the general perspective that can be used in order to interpret that of the Sebei culture is that â€Å"the maladies of the social system seem to outweigh their strengths† (Goldschmidt 338). With this particular statement, the author is then able to show that he has been able to observe the communities with a keen eye and relate it to the rest of the elements in the environment that surround the community. The author does not simply focus on what can be found within the community but also observes how it relates to the different links formed. More so, there is judgment that is found for these relationships from where a strong conclusion can be made. This monograph serves as a very good reading material for the members of the academic institutions and the epistemic communities from a wide variety of fields. Where field observations and thorough data collection has been done, there is the worthiness of examining the material and using it as a foundation of different researches. More so, an understanding of the different elements of the community can be easily derived through a reading of this material because of the substantial data that can be found here. This is not only for the purpose of studying communities but can also be taken by people from different fields such as psychology, economics, policy-making, sociology, and others in order to make researches and decisions. Relation to Class Materials and Discussions Understanding the book has been made easier because of the foundation laid by the class discussions and materials. The concepts that have been clarified in relation to culture, communities, and globalization has become an integral part of understanding how and why the Sebei communities had to adjust to the changing setting of the world and the communities which belong to it. It is difficult for a reader to understand the complex parts of the monograph if one would not take into consideration the aspects which relate the community to the changes in its surroundings. If the reader would not have the respective concepts and ideas, he/she might be limited to understanding the community in isolation and forget to relate it to the world outside the said community. There are factors which might be missed by the reader in understanding the community, in this case, and forget about the other forces that could change communities. Works Cited Goldschmidt, Walter. Culture and behavior of the Sebei: A study in Continuity and Adaptation. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California, 1976. MacGaffey, Wyatt. â€Å"Review. † ASA Review of Books 4 (1978): 110-111. Mead, Margaret. â€Å"Review. † American Anthropologists 79. 4 (1977): 938-939.

A Revolution In Perception English Literature Essay

A Revolution In Perception English Literature Essay Speaking of modernist literatures revolutionary project, Maren Linett correctly states that writers had to break with convention and show how life was experienced rather than as it was conventionally recorded.Such a notion is highly relevant in elucidating how writers such as George Egerton and Katherine Mansfield strove, through their revolutionary use of the short story, to expose the failure of the Victorian novel’s dominant male perspective at accurately rendering the reality and ‘terra incognita’ of mothers and wives.   [ 2 ]   This essay will therefore argue that, in Egerton’s ‘A Cross Line’ (1893) and Mansfield’s ‘Bliss’ (1918), the use of a ground-breaking female perspective allows them to facilitate the reader’s gaining of ‘new eyes’ on the commonplace subject matter of motherhood and matrimony; a purpose that will be shown to be far more concerned with revolutionizing the Victorian percepti on of these roles as idyllic and harmonious destinations for women, than with creating ‘some new particular thing’.   [ 3 ]   The first half of the essay will consider the ‘new eyes’ that Egerton and Mansfield give to motherhood and will demonstrate that each writer revolutionizes the reader’s perception of maternity by exposing what Nicole Fluhr confirms was the inadequacy of inherited nineteenth-century ideologies and symbols, and also by subverting the eugenic perception of motherhood, meaning highly nurturing or affectionate, provided by their Victorian antecedents.   [ 4 ]   Firstly considering ‘A Cross Line’, I will analyse how Egerton achieves her reversal of Victorian beliefs in an innate maternal instinct through a realist aesthetic and focalized narrative which exposes Gypsy’s repugnant reaction to the bucolic image of the chicks, before demonstrating how this revolutionary perception is reinforced in an aposiope tic statement. Secondly, an examination of ‘Bliss’ and Mansfield’s critical use of the symbolic pear tree will demonstrate that this inherited symbol provides an invaluable framework for exposing Bertha’s aesthetic, rather than eugenic, approach to motherhood that is then explicitly reinforced in her interaction with ‘little B’.   [ 5 ]   The second half of the essay will then move to Egerton’s and Mansfield’s depictions of matrimony, and reveal that each writer adapts this subject to their purpose of providing ‘new eyes’ by revolutionizing two components of the Victorian marriage plot: the elision of female sexuality within marriage, and the predominating perceptions of adultery provided by omniscient narrators in sensation novels.   [ 6 ]   In my analysis of ‘A Cross Line’, I shall illustrate that the psychological moment of Gypsy’s Salomà ©ic dream-vision provides an elucidating frame of reference through which to reassess Egerton’s illustration of the marital union from an unexplored and eroticized female perspective. The final examination of ‘Bliss’ will then demonstrate that Mansfield revolutionizes an omniscient narrator’s perception of the subject matter of infidelious marriage by mediating it through Bertha’s female perspective in two of her psychological moments, which expose its stagnant and adulterous reality as a rejection of the Victorian ideology of marriage as a sacred institution.   [ 7 ]   Ultimately, by appropriating commonplace and eternal subject matter, rather than ‘new particular thing[s]’, within the most appropriate form for exploring and revealing the inner lives of women, Egerton and Mansfield refashion their reader’s normative view of motherhood and marriage and succeed, as Jenny McDonnell confirms, in presenting excellent examples of ‘mak[ing] it new’; in accordance w ith Ezra Pound’s summation of the modernist project.   [ 8 ]

Food Insecurity Projects Conducted by the Following Organizations Research Paper

Food Insecurity Projects Conducted by the Following Organizations - Research Paper Example This is by encouraging the building of reserves for surplus food. The advice they offer goes a long way in promoting understanding between the countries these organizations come from, and the countries being offered assistance (Kracht and Schulz 194). As countless numbers of organizations come up, it is imperative to note the roles most of them play in eradicating food insecurity, and the growth of projects to protect the food many countries store. This paper will examine a number of such organizations, and the role they play in combatting the food insecurities experienced in most parts of the world. Also, how the world is reacting toward these organizations’ involvement in most of their activities. It is a division of the United Nations that seeks to address world health and issues that affect it. The rise in number of projects in many parts of the world to address food insecurity is part of the fundamental principles that it is run on, ever since its inception. One of the many responses that it is covering as an international organization is to address the issue of grain prices (Smith and Alderman 178). In Australia, the WHO is addressing the plight of minority groups in Australia. Some of the indigenous groups face problems with the unavailability of nutritious food. The WHO is offering these groups education as some of the projects it is undertaking in the region (Smith and Alderman 190). Manufacturers and wholesalers are urged to dispose of surplus food by the organization through the food banks present. It is one of the main organizations that helps run leading food programmes in the world. It is responsible for ensuring many nations are receiving the deserved attention when it comes to nourishing, healthy food. This is to combat the number of undernourished individuals, in the world, and mend the food situations in most protracted areas (Kracht and Schulz 199). There are crucial

Discuss the Core Conditions In Person-Centred Approach Essay

Discuss the Core Conditions In Person-Centred Approach - Essay Example Later on when he moved into the profession of counseling, his experiences and autobiographical history shaped the core values by which he conducted counseling. Carl Rogers was born on January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois; he was the fourth of five born to Walter A. Rogers and Julia M. Cushing. Growing up as a child, he had an introverted personality and was deeply religious. This belief went so deep in him that he thought about attending a seminary school to become a priest. After attending a conference, he decided that he wanted to help people in other ways besides through religion, so Rogers deviated from his religious upbringing (Thorne 1992). It was at Colombia University where he earned his masters and doctorate. Rogers specialized on working with children and began mastering his client-centered approach. He originally referred to it this way because he wanted to give importance to the phenomenology and the perception by which the client viewed the world (Rogers, 1951). Later, he transitioned to person-centered therapy because greater emphasis was placed on the healing in which the person accomplished within himself or herself (and so will be referred to person-centered for the rest of the paper). When he became a professor of clinical psychology at Ohio State University, he continued to refine his work in this type of therapy. At the end of his life, he focused on conflict management and applying his theoretical approach because he believed that based on the core values that they encompassed all of which was required for therapeutic growth. The three main core conditions that Rogers thought were most effective in counseling are: unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence. Unconditional positive regard is where the therapist is able to accept the client for everything they are without any bias or judgment. Empathy is being able to grasp and understand the views of another person. This is important in developing the therapeutic relationship in that the therapeutic relationship. Lastly, congruence is essential in that it promotes genuineness in the client. The therapist accepts the client for who they are. This is especially important because a component of Roger’s underlying theory is in that people’s real and idealized selves do not match up, therefore they will reject apart of themselves. By being genuine, it allows the client to be him or herself, which promotes greater integration. Rogers believed these were the three important features in counseling; however, he expanded these into the definitions of his therapeutic relationship to include six conditions, â€Å"The necessary and sufficient conditions of Therapeutic personality change†. The first condition is that both the therapist and the client must be in psychological contact. This means that the talking relationship must exist between the client and the therapist. This is essential fundamental at the beginning because it is through all three of the fundamental conditions: unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruency to take place. The second condition was that the client is in a state of incongruence, and therefore is suffering from anxiety. As stated, the incongruency is the result of some person’s perception of their real life not fitting with their idealized life. The incongruency leads to vulnerability and anxiety in the client. Because the therapist expresses all three main core c

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Requirements For Effective Business Writing - Essay Example Conciseness refers to the ability of a person to use necessary and summarized words to address a particular problem. This element is mandatory in business writing. In addition, the audience intended for a piece of information dictates the form of conciseness that may be used by the writer. When writing to managers one should be as concise as possible. In addition, one should ensure the summary of their words addresses effectively the intent of the information provided. However, conciseness may be limited when relaying information to fellow employees. Additionally, the information may include instructions and details must be included. Information provided to the authority is mostly requests and recommendations which should be concise and necessary. For example, when addressing my department head the body of my letter may just include, â€Å"Kindly note that there is a deficit in the finances provided to enable my project competition. Kindly consider increasing the financial contribut ion†. The connection between the intended audience and the organization in business writing bear similar significance. In the organization setting, there is a large quantity of information conveyed on a daily basis. For instance, memos are addressed to specific audiences in the organization to which the information is relevant. In addition, the person from whom a message is from should be included. The provision of information to authoritative should be addressed with titles. For instance, I may write.

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Qualitative methods - Essay Example Individual interviews were conducted with the respondents and lasted for a time range of between thirty minutes and one hour. In depth interviews were used because they provided the opportunity for the researchers to understand the experiences of participants and dig deeper in discussing these experiences (De Gagne & Walters, 2010, p. 360). Four interviews were tape recorded and tape recorded to facilitate transcription. The research used a semi-structured interview format to gather information from participants. The rationale for choosing the structure was to ensure that respondents narrated their experiences without being confined to specific answers. Participants in the interview were strictly be students pursuing health-related programs in the university. There were four participants of which two were male and the remaining two were female. The researcher accessed the participants by visiting Central Queensland University and presenting invitations (Sadler, Lee, Lim & Fullerton, 2010, p. 370). This convenience sampling, A purposeful selection method was used with the aim of identifying participants that could illuminate the experiences of students pursuing health-related programs in the university (Dineen & Soltis, 2011, p. 10) while pursuing part- or full-time work. The rationale for choosing a purposeful selection method was because the research was dealing with a small population. Students pursuing health-related programs were chosen as participants because research studies reveal they pursue the most challenging courses in university (Dineen & Soltis, 2011, p. 10). To ensure informed consent, the researcher provided potential participants with information sheets. The information sheets outlined the aims of the research and the entire research process (Singh, 2012, p. 411). Participants were provided with the sheets and were allowed to raise questions about the research (Olson, 2010, p. 109). They were also

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Godfather I by Francis Ford Coppola - Essay Example In the opening scene where a person is asking for justice, not from the law but from a compatriot, sets the tenor of the film. ‘Why did you go to the police? Why didn’t you come to me first?’(Vito Corleone) subtly illustrates the disillusions of an immigrant about the law and justice of the country and how he is forced to adopt other ‘means’ to get the same. Godfather is a film which revolves around an Italian-American family which operates a crime syndicate in New York in mid-forties. Vito Corleone, the patriarchal head of one of the five ’family’ involved in the crime syndicate, is the protagonist of the film. He often works beyond the realm of law because he has powerful contacts in the political arena and the judiciary. Despite exerting awesome influence and muscle power, he has a very strong sense of justice and commands great respect from people who do not hesitate to ask for his help when the law fails to do so! He becomes their ‘protector’ when the need arises so he is better known as ‘the godfather’. The only return for his good deed is their loyalty which he gets. His portrayal of a deeply religious family man reinforces people’s trust in him. His firm belief that family can alleviate a lot of pain and anguish is amply illustrated when he admonishes his godson Johnny Fontane, a sin ger, in his study as he says ‘..cause a man who doesn’t spend time with his family can never be a real man’. Indeed â€Å".The Godfather puts forward a positive picture of a family†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Glenn Man in genre and ideology) The introduction of the youngest son Michael during the wedding reception heralds amalgamation of American values and Italian culture. The educated younger son, who has just returned from the war, comes with his girlfriend. His statement that ‘my father made him an offer he couldn’t refuse’ went on to become one the most famous one-liner in the history of Hollywood films.

Fantastic Voyage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fantastic Voyage - Term Paper Example Finally we will describe the exchange of oxygen with the delicate alveolar and the pathway used in inspiration and expiration. Body The femoral vein travels from the inside of the right leg, parallel to the femoral artery, upwards towards the center of the body. The femoral vein is a larger vein which receives blood from the popliteal, the great saphenous vein and the femoris (Femoral†¦). The femoral vein first comes into the external iliac vein and from there flows into the common iliac vein and into the inferior vena cava. The iliac veins form the common iliac at the small of the back around the fifth lumbar vertebra. It is the function of the vena cava to carry blood from the lower portion of the body directly to the heart (Inferior†¦). The vena cava empties into the right atrium, the lower right back side of the heart. The blood arrives into the right atrium un-oxygenated and is a darker color due to the lack of oxygen. The vena cava are the two largest veins in the bod y and the inferior runs alongside and behind the abdominal cavity and where the vena cava meets the right atrium is a valve known as the Eustachian valve. Though the Eustachian valve remains its primary functions are in the developing fetus, where it helps to direct blood flow through the foramen ovale into the left atrium. Once breathing begins this is no longer necessary and the foramen ovale closes and the amount of blood flow between the left and right atrium is limited. The vena cava are responsible for collecting blood from lumbar veins, hepatic veins, gonadal veins, renal veins and the phrenic veins (Cardiovascular†¦). All of this blood is un-oxygenated. Blood then flows through the tricuspid valve and is pumped into the right ventricle. Cardiac muscle provides rhythmic regular contractions to keep the blood flowing smoothly. After passing through the pulmonary valve the blood enters the pulmonary trunk (Right†¦). The contraction of the myocardium causes pressure wh ich forces the blood into the pulmonary truck where there is a left and right division. The trunk has a pulmonary semilunar valve that opens during contraction and closes when the muscle relaxes, thus preventing the blood from flowing back into the ventricular chamber. The right pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lower right lung. Within the right lower lung there are three lobes whereas the left lung has two lobes. Structures within the right lung include lateral, anterior, posterior, dorsal and medial bronchus (Chest†¦). A bronchial tree contains these bronchus and alveoli on these branches resemble grapes. Alveoli are thin membrane air sacs within the lung and the bronchial tree is the passage way through which air is passed in inspiration and expiration. Surfactants within the alveoli keep them from collapsing during exhalation and they remain slightly open. Without this surfactant the thin sacs would close in and stick to each other as air passes in and out of them and they inflate and deflate. The passageways into the lungs are lined with epithelia and cilia whose primary function is to move debris and foreign particles from out of the lungs. These provide the first line of defense within the lungs. Dendritic cells are scattered throughout the lungs and increase when there is an inflammatory response. These cells are antigen presenting cells that contain lysosomes and endosomes with three separate functions; antigen presentation and activation of T cells, inducing and maintaining immune tolerance, and maintaining immune memory with B cells (Wieder). These dendritic cells are the only cell that is able to activate naive T cells and lay dormant until there are pathogens or

What is Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is Biology - Essay Example Later, I learned that although this definition is sound, it is not detailed or acceptable. After joining the biology class, I realized that there have been numerous debates and definitions of the subject biology. Indeed, scientists especially biologists have conducted various studies on the subject with an aim of coming up with a universal, acceptable, detailed, and scientific definition and meaning of biology. As a result, scientific research has derived the acceptable definition of biology. The definition entails all aspects of living things. Scientists derived the word biology from Greek words bios, which means life, and the word logos that means study (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2015). As such, research defines biology as the study of the science of life and living organisms that relates to the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms (Bagley, 2014). Indeed, research establishes various fields of biology that include biochemistry, cellular biology, botany, ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology, molecul ar biology, zoology, and physiology (Bagley, 2014). The history of biology dates back to the ancient times when human beings had to study the animals they hunted and plants they gathered (Bagley, 2014). Aristotle is the first person to practice zoology where he performed detailed investigations of marine life and plants (Bagley, 2014). Theophrastus derived the first botanical terms in 300 B.C with respect to the nature and life cycle of plants. Moreover, German botanist Leonhard Fuchs wrote the first biology book in 1542 while Carolus Linnaeus inaugurated the initial Binomial classification in 1735 (Bagley, 2014). The discovery of microscopes allowed Robert Hooke to examine plant tissue in 1665 and derived the term cells. In the 19th century, botanists and entomologists discovered and described various species (Bagley, 2014). Indeed, Charles

The Han Dynasty and Rome Essay Example for Free

The Han Dynasty and Rome Essay From 206 B.C.E. 220 C.E., the Han dynasty, in China, accumulated many political control methods, as did Imperial Rome reigning from 31 B.C.E. – 476 C.E. However, there were more differences than similarities between the two empires/dynasties. Two main differences were China and Rome’s territorial expansion and their political philosophies (mandate of heaven and monarchy). A similarity between these two empires would be their centralized government adopting bureaucracy. China put their trust in the mandate of heaven, which is a Chinese political theory that gave those in power the right to rule from a divine authority. Imperial Rome relied on a monarchy system, which put Augustus Caesar (Julius Caesar’s son) into power. Another factor that differentiated Han China and Imperial Rome was their territorial expansion. Imperial Rome expanded from Italy to Spain, Gaul, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Egypt, Greece and Britannia. However, although Han China expands throughout Asia, they felt they did not need to expand much to sustain their power. Nonetheless, what allowed Han China and Imperial Rome to resemble each other, was there centralized bureaucracies. This is a government system in which all of the important decisions are made by one or a few authorities in a region. Rowland 2 Han China (206 B.C.E. 220 C.E.) and Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. – 476 C.E.) discriminate more with their political methods, than relate to one another. Two distinctions would be their political philosophies, mandate of heaven and monarchy, and their territorial expansion concepts. One aspect that helped them relate to one another was that they shared the ideal of a centralized bureaucracy.

Classification and Marine Biodiversity Essay Example for Free

Classification and Marine Biodiversity Essay Important Background Information that you need to know and understand: (Understand the Key Concepts) Key words: binominal system of naming; science of classification is taxonomy; species; levels of classification (know them); dichotomous identification key; 5 kingdoms; etc†¦ CLASSIFICATION Our oceans have a great variety of life forms. Thousands of new species are discovered each year. We need to identify, name, and know the biology of all the marine species. To understand this huge array of species, a simple classification system is used to produce some order out of chaos. Example: this class has persons of all sorts of shapes, sizes, colour, eye colour, finger shape size, etc†¦.what criteria would you use to separate us all out? HISTORY Historically, we group things according to their likeness or use. There were grouping such as edible, poisonous, or medicinal. In your own dialect, you have local names for the edible things on the reef but there is no name for sponges, ascidians, and nudibranchs which you have no use for. There are only general names for corals, sharks, etc. In Fiji, we have no names for the deepsea snappers because we never caught and eat them but in Hawaii and Kiribati, you have different names for different deepsea snappers because you have caught them for generations. Fiji have large lagoonal areas and never needed to fish off-shore.. 25 years ago, Fijian students knew the local names of fish. Today, many students have lost that knowledge because they rarely go back to the village. Aristotle is the first scientist to classify all living things. John Ray developed keys to identify animals. Linnaeus (1707-1778), a Swede invented a simple naming system which we still use today (binominal nomenclature) made up of 2 Latinized words (genus species). e.g. Homo sapiens (in italics or underlined with the first letter in the genus is in capital). The genus or species may be descriptive or named after a person or place. Using scientific names shows scientific exactness as compared to common names which can be very general. Example: Siganus uspi Woodland and Gawel, 1974. Genus, species, describers, year they described it in. METHODS Members of a group share many characters. We use characters which do not change e.g. structure and method of reproduction. Characters can be countable (number of fins) or expressed as a % of total length (head length etc); Characters can be absent or present. Colour can be used as a secondary character as it can change with the environment (and fade after preservation). Fossil records are used to find out about the evolution of groups of organisms. DNA is now used to separate species too. TAXONOMY The science of classification is taxonomy. A person who classifies things is a taxonomist. 5 kingdoms: animalia; plantae; fungi; protista; monera. Protista have distinct nucleus, monera has indistinct nucleus. See kingdom of living things on page 207. You may wish to break your classification into vertebrates and invertebrates. The categories are (classifying you) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub Phylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens What is a species: A species is a group of organisms (basically alike) and can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile off spring. Consider a mule (horse x donkey); a liger (lion x tiger). Infertile off springs. Butterfly fishes can hybridize. Marine Biodiversity Biodiversity refers to the number and variety of earth’s life forms (remember the 5 kingdoms). KNOW THE Importance of biodiversity 1. If you care about the environment, you must feel strongly that other living things have a right to survive alongside each other. Other organisms do not need to benefit humans directly to have a right to exist. 2. By protecting the earth’s biodiversity, we are ensuring my own survival. As we learn about the amazing complexity of earth’s biodiversity, we will discover more and more direct benefits. 3 types of diversities 1. genetic biodiversity (refer to genetic variety and variability within each species – genes vary between individuals within a species). Use your class as an example and see the differences – not only in colour but body shape and sizes, eye color, hair colour, skin color, shapes of hands etc. Marine species also show variability in shape and colour. 2. species biodiversity (refer to the number of different species living on earth) 1.8 million species has been discovered and described by scientists. We think there may be between 5 and 100 million species. Disappearing species- serious loss of biodiversity due to overfishing for food/use as well as increased nutrient levels caused by from pollution from the land. Old timers tell you about the amount of marine life off Suva 30 years ago-if we don’t start conserving biodiversity, we may only see them in marine parks or preserved as a specimen in museums. Endemic species-only found in a certain country e.g. Siganus u spi (USP rabbitfish) only found in Fiji. 3. ecosystem biodiversity- refer to variety in the combination of species that form ecosystems such as ponds, coral reefs, forests, or grassland. It is the variety of ecosystem types that is ecosystem diversity. An ecosystem can be as large as the Great Barrier Reef or as small as the back of a spider crab (that allows sponges, algae and worms to grow on the shell). Biodiversity in the ecosystems is not just the number of different species; it is the variation within them and the different roles they have in forming the ecosystems. Ecosystems are complex because they are formed by a variety of interactions between species. One interaction is food web; provide an attachment base for others; alter current and light patterns; provide camouflage, shelter or compete for space. Ecosystems are functional units of the marine world. Small worms are just as important as large whales because each have a vital role to play in the ecosystem. Humans interfere and the naturally-balanced ecosystem becomes unbalanced (if we take all the herbivorous fish, the algae would grow vigorously and push out the corals on the coral reef). Ecosystems are dynamic†¦changed by physical and biological processes (tides, storms, succession, humans). An ecosystem applies interactions over large and over small scale. Fish from the lagoon ecosystem depend on the mangrove ecosystem (as juvenile nursery ground) and on coral reef ecosystem (as a feeding ground). Ecosystems can be classified at different scales using parameters such as geology, coastal landforms, water temperature’ salinity, currents, upwellings, wave exposure, depth, and patterns of major life forms (e.g. seagrass). Proper functioning of the marine environment is dependent on its ecological integrity (all components are present, operational and ecological viable). Marine ecosystems are continually changing to meet the changing conditions. Biogeography Biogeography is the name given to the study of the distribution of life on earth. We may look at the windward side and leeward side of the Fiji group. The marine environment on the windward side is affected by the tradewinds which bring strong currents which in turn wash away the sediments. It is more rainy too. The leeward side has less wind and less wave action so sediments stay around. Nutrients from the land do not get disperse quickly. We can also look at the northern areas of Fiji and Rotuma (hotter) and the southern areas including Kadavu and Minerva Reef (cooler). Because the conditions are different, the organisms living there may differ too. Biodiversity and Marine Life Plankton The text book does not cover this topic. Plankton (all animals and plants that live in the water but drift about at the mercy of wind and currents). (Nekton can swim against the current e.g. fish). Those organisms that spend all their lives in the plankton are called holoplankton. Those that spend only part of their lives in the plankton are called meroplankton. Plankton are usually small but they can be up to 1.5m across e.g. large jellyfish. Phytoplankton are plant plankton and zooplankton are animal plankton. Plankton is collected by plankton nets (either by a horizontal tow or a vertical tow). Plankton are important because many are the larval stages of marine animals we see. Plankton provides food for many of the filter feeders in the marine environment (from whales to invertebrates to other plankton). Phytoplankton also produces oxygen to release into the atmosphere. Plankton support major fisheries. They recycle nutrients in the microbial loop. Examples of Phytoplankton: diatoms and dinoflagellates (causes fish poisoning). Examples of Zooplankton: copepods, jellyfish. Sunfish, arrow worms. To keep afloat (stay in the epipelagic zone) plankton swim weakly, have body fluids which are less dense than seawater, actively exude heavy ions, have gas filled sacs, use oils and fats (diatoms and fish eggs have oil), have parachute like forms (slow their sinking rate) or growing spiny appendages (also makes them harder to eat), or have watery tissue (jelly-like). Moffatt, B; Ryan, T; and Zann, L 2003. Marine Science for Australian Students. pp608. Wet Papers Publications.

Chocolate Industry Analysis

Chocolate Industry Analysis Marketing is the process by which customer needs are anticipated and identified. Ways are found of meeting those needs at a price that consumers are prepared to pay and which allows the business to make a profit For launching a new product we use PESTLE or SWOT strategies and let us Consider that we are launching a new chocolate product . Factors that should be consider while launching a new product i.e Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental and the questions we should take under Consideration What are the key political factors likely to affect the chocolate industry? What are the important economic factors of chocolate industry? What are the cultural aspect of chocolate industry? What are the technological innovations ? What current and impending legislation may affect the industry? What are the environmental considerations? Situational Analysis of chocolate industry and market tactics To launch a new chocolate product we must analyze the role of the marketing function in a business, we are going to follow through what might have happened in the marketing of a major new chocolate bar and the major economical , political and technological factors that affects the chocolate industries. 1. Assessing the market The market for chocolate bars is highly competitive. There are a small number of large firms in the industry Mars, Cadbury, Nestlà © and Suchard being the most well known. Many of the brands in the market have been in existence for a long time and have a high amount of brand loyalty. Openings for new products therefore, are limited. There are many examples of products that have been launched and have been withdrawn because they could not sustain long-term sales success. Can you remember the Prize Bar, Aztec and Junglies? The market for certain types of chocolate bar has changed in recent years. The growth of the so called count-line bar (shaped like Mars bars) became popular as people ate chocolate on the go as opposed to sitting down in a room with a traditional bar of chocolate. Companies had to respond to these changes. Row tree (now owned by Nestlà ©) changed the shape of their Aero bar and Cadbury brought out a rival bar called Wispa. Both of these were designed to exploit this growing market. The market is still changing but using chocolate as a snack as opposed to sharing a bar amongst a family. Giving a chocolate bar as a gift is still a growing part of that market. The UK chocolate market is the biggest in all European market. People in the United Kingdom consume more chocolate than any other Country in Europe. Mintel said the UK consumed 3.5 billion pounds ($5.6 billion) worth of chocolate in 2008, more than any other European country, with only Germany, which has more than 20 million more people, coming close at 3.4 billion pounds Some of the famous brands are Mars (http://www.mars.com/) Cadbury Schweppes (http://www.cadburyschweppes.com/EN/Brands/) Nestlà © (http://www.nestle.co.uk/) Suchard (http://www.kraftafh.co.uk/Cultures/en-GB/Brands/Suchard/) Amul Chocolate Boost Club Mint In December 2009,the market research company, showed Cadburys chunk of the chocolate market by value slipped 1.7 per cent to 29.8 per cent last month, the first time that it has fallen below 30 per cent all year. Market share of Mars, its biggest rival, slipped 0.6 per cent in the period. Kraft, which makes Milka and Toblerone, increased its market share by 0.7 per cent to 5 per cent, while Nestlà © raised its share 1.2 per cent to 20.4 per cent of the market.. The market research firm estimated the British chocolate market would be worth 4.4 billion pounds by 2013 2. Identifying a gap in the market Once the market has been analyzed, it might become clear that there is a gap in the market. What this means is that, there is an identifiable customer need that is not currently being met by an existing product. It could also be where a rival might have a presence and where the company concerned believes it could offer a competitive alternative. Market research, which in many cases is on-going, will have given the business some idea of the nature of the market and the extent of the possible market. It may be that further research is used to target particular market segments that the business feels will be the ones most likely to purchase this product and what it is they want out of the product. Much of this will be used to inform the marketing mix. 3. Developing the product Quite often businesses in this particular industry want to develop a brand personality. What this means is that they will want consumers to associate something specific with the product. KitKat for example, is associated with a break, making it the perfect accompaniment to a cup of tea or coffee. The personality of the product will be in line with the market research and analysis carried out. The ingredients, the look of the product, its texture when eaten, its name and packaging, and how it will be promoted will all be key factors that will be informed by the development of the brand personality. A very good example of this process is the development of Yorkie. Yorkie was developed as a contribution to the count-line bar market. It aimed to use the concept of a chunky chocolate bar but in a different format to allow it to be eaten on the go. The key thing to emphasise was the chunky nature of the chocolate,and to do that Rowntree developed its early marketing around the length of time it would last and it being an ideal accompaniment for long journeys. The trucker image stuck and gave the bar a masculine personality. In recent years, this has been exploited with a deliberate campaign suggesting that it is so chunky it is not for girls for! 4. Product testing Once these stages are gone through, the product is likely to have to be tested. People may be given choices of different names or different packaging prototypes to see what consumer reaction are. It may be that this type of problem has been resolved at an earlier stage, in which case more substantial user testing may be used by virtue of a test-market. This may be a selected region of the country where there is a profile of users that is representative of the country as a whole. Using test markets gives relatively accurate feedback but is also much cheaper than a national launch, which might not see the product doing as well as anticipated. Remember that to feed a market, the capital investment has to be there to back it up. If the test market showed that the product was going to be very popular, the business would have to ensure that sufficient capacity was available prior to a national launch. You would certainly not want to have a product launched and people not be able to get hold of it! Image: User testing is an important aspect of marketing strategy it gives a good idea of the likely market reaction without incurring the costs of a national launch. Media and marketing implementation Most often than not but, It is very difficult to convince a customer to buy a certain product if they do not understand the product. We need to make a strategy for marketing new product in the market so that we can achieve our target. Without a bullet proof plan to attract customers, your efforts will most likely be inefficient. we should ensure that Businesses should focus what a customer needs and what he is looking in the product .so that we can make a long term profitable customer relationship . This means that you need a plane to know customer more closely in a flexible way so that whenever need we can change our product according to our customers perceptions and demand. On the other hand, your marketing scheme should be focused on identifying and communicating the benefits of your business is offering to its target market. You will then need to monitor and maintain its effectiveness. Advertising new products Market part is an essential factor for a successful marketing strategy and if we are able to recognized the different market areas that allows a business to make fruitful and more efficient decisions in regard to advertising new quality products. This is the lock pick to understanding the different kind of needs of different types of customers. Once you have divide your market in different categorizes, you will then be able to formulate marketing activities that will ensure your targeted audience to know about the products or services you are offering and why they need them in their lives. We can achieved this through the various kind of advertising, since customer knowns what they want exactly want and motivate them,. You must have to hit your targeted audience to feel like that they must need to purchase whatever it is you are offering is the best product in the market. So that they buy our product and increase our sales How to launch new product and their strategies Gigantic changes are going on in the world and marketing strategies are no exemptions to that. Businesses should think outside the box. Observe who is doing better and try to imitate them or better yet, outwit them. It will greatly benefit your company to do market research in order to determine your potential market and make changes to your current marketing strategy. This is mainly done to draw uninterested customers to at least give your business a try. Your new product launch should make enough noise to ensure that it will remain in customers memories and entice them to really try it. With the various media available today, you can maximize your visibility by not limiting your business to one media. You can turn your company around by doing a major brand makeover. If there are not a lot of people who are buying your product or service, then perhaps its because they literally do not see you. This is not a time when businesses are allowed to sober down on marketing techniques, just because the economy is going down. Once the economy gets back on track chances are, people will no longer remember those that were not visible in the market during this time. You have to make your business a household name so people will remember you long after this global recession is over. We can use Marketing mix (4ps)strategy to launch our final product Marketing Mix (4ps ) Introduction The marketing mix principles are controllable variables which have to be carefully managed and must meet the need of the defined target group. All elements of the mix are linked and must support each other Marketing Mix Price Products Promotion Place Target Market Pricing mix Strategy It is one of the most important part of the marketing mix strategies. Pricing is a mix which generates a revenue for an organization. The remaining 3ps strategies are the output for the organization . We know that it costs to produce and design a product, promote a product and also to distribute it. Pricing is very difficult and must reflect supply, demand relationship. Pricing a product too high or too low, could mean loss of sales for the organization. The following factors should be taken into account: Objectives of the Company Fixed and variable costs of the product Target the group and their willingness to pay Competition with leading organization Proposed Positioning strategies An organization can adopt different types of pricing strategies. The pricing strategies are based on what g the goal the organization has set itself to archive Penetration Pricing We can set a low price to our product to increase the market shares and sales of the products is called penetrating pricing Skimming Pricing When the company sets higher price of the product initally and then drop down the price to make the product available in the widerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..The objectives is to skim profits of market layer bye layer,this strategy is popular within the games console industry Competition Pricing . setting a price in comparison with competitions . a firm has three options, pricing lower, pricing the same or pricing the higher Product line pricing Pricing different products within the same product range at different price points. An example would be DVD recorders with different features and different prices.The greater the features and the benefits obtained the greater the consumer will pay. The form of pricing discrimination assists the company in maximizing turnover and profits Bundle Pricing The organization bundles a group of products at a reduced price , this pricing strategy is popular with supermarkets Psychological pricing The seller will consider the psychology of price and the positioning of price within the market place. The seller will therefore charge 99p instead of 1 pound or 199 $ instead of 200$ Premium pricing The price set is high to reflect the exclusiveness of the product . An example of product using this strategy would be Harrods , first class airline services. Porsche etc Optional pricing The organization sells optional extras along with the product to maxmise within the car sidustry Product strategy The marketing mix consist of product, pricing, place and promotion strategies that a firm uses to help them reach their objectives The marketing min principels are controllable variable which have to be carefully managed and must meet the needs of the defined target group. All elements of the mix are linked and must support each other. When an organization introduces a product into a market,they must ask themselves a number of questions: Who is the product aimed at ? What benefit will they expect? How do they plan to position the product within the market? What differential advantage will the product offer over their competitors? Philip Kotle suggested that a product should be viewed in three levels Level 1:Core product . what is the core benefit your product offers?. Customers who purchase a camera are buying more than just a camera they are purchasing memories. Level 2: Actual production: all cameras capture memories . the aim is to ensure that your potential customers purchase your one. The strategy at this level involves organizations branching , adding features and benefits to ensure that their product offers a differential advantage from their competitors Level 3 : Argument product: What additional non-tangible benefits can you offers? Competition at the level is based around after sales service, warranties, delivery . A retail departmental store that offers a free five year gurrantee on purchase of their television sets gives their customers the additional benefits of peace of mind over five years should the purchase develop a fault. Total production concept Argument production Total production core production Product strategy Product decision Branding Quality Features Benefits offered Product Decisions When placing a product within a market many factors and decision have to be taken into consideration. These include: Product- Will the designe be the selling point for the organization . Product quality: Quality has to consistent with other elements of the marketing mix .A high quality product maybe reflected in the price Branding: in principles of marketing , By Philip Kotler and gary Armstrong a brand is defined as a name .term, sign symbol or a combination of these , that identifies the market or seller of the product, A brand must stand out and be recognizable, and should help the firm differentitate itself from its competitors Product features: Additional features should increae the benefit offered to you r target market. The firm may decide to change more for these additional features. Place Strategy The marketing mix principles are controllable variables which have to be carefully managed and must meet the needs of the defined target group. All elements of the mix are linked and must support eachother. Strategies of distribution ? Two types of distribution strategies are available. Indirect distribution involves distributing your product by using of an intermediary for example a manufacturing selling to a wholesaler and then on to the retailer. Direct distribution involves distributing direct from a manufacturing to the consumer. For example we can use direct selling like dell computers. To sell the product directly to its target customers will provide us more benefits. The advantage of direct distribution is that it gives a manufacturing complete control over their product. Place strategies Manufacturer Consumer Manufacturer Retailer Consumer Direct Distribution Indirect Distribution Depending on the type of product being distributed there are three common distribution strategies available Intensive distribution: Used commonly to distribute low priced or impulse purchase products For example Chocolates, soft drinks. Exclusive Distribution: involves limiting distribution to a single outlet. The product is usually highly priced, and requires the intermediary to place much details in its sell. Promotion strategy A successful product or service means nothing unless the benefit of such a product or service can be communicated clearly to target market An organization promotional mix can consist of: Advertising Sales promotion Public relations Direct Mail Personal selling Internet promotion Public relations: This involves developing positive relationship with the organization media public . The art of good public relation in not only to obtain favorable publicity within the media , but it is also involves being able to handle successfully negative attention Sales promotion : Commonly used to obtain an increase in sles short terms. Could involve using money off coupons or special offers, loyality cards, coupons , Price promotions for example BOGOF, point of sales ,Packaging promotion or web coupons Personal Selling: One to one selling is called personal selling. This can either be done face to face or we can use other media of direct selling like phone or internet Direct Mail: is the sending of publicity material to a named person within an organization. The aim of direct marketing is to creat one to one relationship with the organization target market. Direct marketing can come in the form of post, email, telephone calls and mail order. The company usually contracts a named person at the address. Internet Marketing : The use of the world wide web(www) for the promotion of product or services. This could be the firm advertising via the use of banner ads, flash videos, or google kewords. 5. After all the analysis we can launch our chocolate bar. The significant amount of money is required to develop a new product and this money can be larger to develop new product, and the hope is that once we launched the product, the product will begin to start to get back some of that investment. At the first stage, the product will need further expenditure to support it and make sure that customers know about it. For chocolate bars, the secret is to get people trying it, but to follow that up by buying it again and again and again for many years. In other words, repeat purchases are essential in a fast-moving consumer goods market. During this early stage, managing the cash flow of the product will be important. This will mean balancing the returns of the product from sales with the on-going costs of production and marketing. If these get out of balance, the future of the product will be called into question and it may be worthwhile pulling the product before any further costs are incurred and cutting your losses. To manage the launch and development of a product, therefore, marketing tactics will really come to the fore. It will be important to keep a close link with consumers to find out what they think and also to keep the brand in their horizon amongst the competition. Sometimes this might be something simple like getting your product displayed prominently in shops so that impulse buyers select your product or customers are drawn to your product at the expense of rivals. This in turn will mean having sales people with good relationships with retailers. Finally, maintaining cash flows in the short term will also be determined by the success of the advertising and promotional campaigns that are developed. Does the firm go for traditional TV ads along with ads in magazines and billboards or does it go for more guerrilla marketing techniques to raise awareness? Should it have an online presence many branded products have Web sites of their own, for example? http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article6959667.ece http://www.coursework.info/University/Business_and_Administrative_studies/Marketing/PESTLE_ANALYSIS_and_5_FORCES_ANALYSIS_-_L95526.html http://www.brand-new-advertising.com/ http://www.bized.co.uk/educators/16-19/business/marketing/lesson/tactics1.htm END HERE

Free College Essays - The Greatest Sinner in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: free essay writer

The Scarlet Letter - Chillingworth and the Greatest Sin When asked to describe Roger Chillingworth, peers say he was an upstanding, respectful, concerned citizen. They would have been right, but he didn’t let anyone know just how much he cared. With the loss of Hester, he became filled with anger and jealousy and eventually let his emotions overtake him. At the close of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the malevolent state of Roger Chillingworth’s heart made him the guiltiest. Throughout the entire novel, every character except for Roger Chillingworth learned to forgive and cleared his or her heart of guilt. When the reverend showed his concern for the doctor just before his death he said, â€Å"may God forgive thee. Thou hast deeply sinned† (251). For example, Dimmesdale used some of his last words to forgive the doctor of his wrongdoing. Even though Chillingworth tortured and haunted him until the very end of his life, the reverend had strong enough character to want God to show mercy on the evildoer’s soul. Moreover, Dimmesdale was able to forgive Hester when he told her, â€Å"I do forgive you Hester† (191). Because of his high position of authority, Dimmesdale set high standards for his life, and that reflected in the way he handled personal relationships. Also, if Chillingworth had been more understanding towards Hester’s problem, he had a better chance at winning her love back. Finally, both Hester and her lover admitted their sin on the scaffold and sought forgiveness for their transgressions while Chillingworth never could admit he sinned. Secondly, Chillingworth’s actions were motivated by hate and a lust for revenge that overpowered him in the end. Therefore an awful change must have taken place in the doctor since â€Å"human nature loves more readily than it hates† (156). The actions of Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth were all motivated by a deep passion for one thing or another. However, the difference in their actions was that the adulteress and the minister acted out of love for each other while her husband acted out of anger and jealousy. Also, the physician underwent such a change that â€Å"there came a glare of red light out of his eyes; as if the old man’s soul were on fire, and kept smoldering duskily within his breast† (166). Eventually Chillingworth’s heart became so twisted and contorted that there were very noticeable differences in his personality.

Dove vs. Bebe Advertisements :: essays research papers

Advertising Advertising is a multi billion-dollar business that keeps our economy growing. That’s why we are constantly bombarded with hundreds of ads every single day. Anywhere we look ads will always be around us, in magazines on billboards, radio and t.v. Advertising agents use different types of strategies to get us to buy their products. They also use different tactics to appeal to our senses that make us more vulnerable to their products. There are several categories of basic appeals that are used in advertising. They range from the need for attention to the need of guidance. Advertising has now changed how regular people see the real world. We are constantly looking at picture perfect women and big and buff men in ads. This puts a lot of pressure on us and makes us believe this is the way we should look like, or what we would look like if we bought the product that’s being advertised. The Bebe brand add is advertising clothes. On the top left corner there is a phone number and web address so that I can immediately buy these items. This ad has an attractive young woman. She has a slender figure, blue eyes and perfectly long staright blond hair. Her hair and make up are perfect and she has flawless taned skin. She is wearing a sexy blouse with coordinating pants and earings. She is looking forward and sitting on a couch. This add works because it is modern and up to date. This add instantly grabbed my attention because the woman is just so beautiful, she almost looks like a doll. The appeals used in this are, the need for attention, need to achieve and the need to escape. The add implies to me that if I wear these clothes I will get attention because they are designer brand. I also feel the need to achieve because I can’t afford these clothes, so it makes me want to save money just to buy that outfit. Then since am not as skinny as the model the ad makes me want to loose weight so I can look like her. The ad also makes me want to escape because if I had these clothes and looked like the model I would definitely want to go out and show off to everyone. In the Dove brand ad there is a woman that in our society would be considered plus size.

The Pent-up Guilt in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Pent-up Guilt in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is hardly any emotion in William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth that outweighs that of guilt. Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are seriously compromised by the impact of this emotion.    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare explain how guilt impacts Lady Macbeth:    Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives way; and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, she is piteously afflicted by the memory of one stain of blood upon her little hand.   (792)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye sees a relationship between Macbeth's guilt and his hallucinations:    The future moment is the moment of guilt, and it imposes on one, until it is reached, the intolerable strain of remaining innocent. [. . .] Macbeth's capacity for seeing things that may or may not be there is almost limitless, and the appearance of the mousetrap play to Claudius, though more easily explained, has the same dramatic point as the appearance of Banquo's ghost. (90)    Fanny Kemble in "Lady Macbeth" asserts that Lady Macbeth was unconscious of her guilt, which nevertheless killed her:    A very able article, published some years ago in the National Review, on the character of Lady Macbeth, insists much upon an opinion that she died of remorse, as some palliation of her crimes, and mitigation of our detestation of them. That she died of wickedness would be, I think, a juster verdict. Remorse is consciousness of guilt . . . and that I think Lady Macbeth never had; though the unrecognized pressure of her great guilt killed her. (116-17)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Charact... ... Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967.    Kemble, Fanny. "Lady Macbeth." Macmillan's Magazine, 17 (February 1868), p. 354-61. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Siddons, Sarah. "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth." The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London: Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.      

Othello – Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play

Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play; this is because it is the scene when we see Iago has successfully manipulated Othello into believing that Desdemona has not been faithful to him, this is very significant to the rest of the play as it affects everything Othello the main character thinks, feels and says from this point onwards. At the start we see a noble character, who by the end of the scene is left on his knees swearing revenge on his wife. Act three scene three is also the longest scene in the play, which reflects its importance because so much develops and evolves throughout this period. During act three scene three we can actually begin to see the importance of the scene to the rest of the play, as the plot really starts to move forward, this is once Iago has planted his seeds of suspicion in Othello's mind and starts to water them so that the suspicion will grow. This is a significant development in the play as we see Iago put the plans he spoke of in earlier soliloquies and asides into action. In act three scene three just as Cassio hurriedly leaves the room Iago says â€Å"Ha! I like not that† this is said to arose suspicion in Othello's mind as once this has been said Iago leaves Othello to ponder the various diabolical meanings provided within this short statement, which makes him quite agitated and irritable. At the end of the scene we also see a completely transformed Othello who uses vulgar language and crude animal imagery such as â€Å"I had rather be a toad and live upon the vapour of a dungeon. Than keep a corner in the thing I love for others uses. This is a clear influence of Iago upon Othello who know seems more violent. Towards the end of the scene the decided plan of action will be for Othello to kill both Cassio and Desdemona, we know this as he says, â€Å"I will withdraw to furnish me with some swift means of death for the fair devil. † This is linked to the rest of the play because we can see Iago's plan is starting to work, and that he has manipulated Othello enough to make him think Desdemona is unfaithful so much so he now wants to kill her, this shows a complete transformation in Othello's character. The scene is also important as it reveals the true extent of Iago's devilish nature and how he goes about putting it to use by manipulating Othello in way the audience would not have thought possible, he manages to tear Othello and Desdemona's seemingly strong relationship up within a relatively short period of time, although we have already seen this side of Iago before when he shouts to Barbantio in act one scene one â€Å"an old black ram is tupping your white yew. This reveals part of his racist crude ways as well as showing us how deceitful he truly is in as much as he is pretending Roderigo is saying these things, he also reveals the marriage of Othello and Desdemona to Barbantio behind their backs. By doing this early on the audience are immediately aware of Iago's deceitful nature. The quote also reveals Iago's racist ways and what he thinks of moors and non-Venetians. These comments he makes would shock a twenty first century audience, as we live in a multi cultural society and everybody should be treated equally within it, however a Elizabethan audience would not of been shocked due to the fact they thought black men were sexually charged predators as shown in many of the quotes. Other signs that Iago is a skilled manipulator is the way he persuades Othello of Desdemona's infidelity, he uses various techniques to do this, for a start he appears to let on more than he really knows, this makes Othello want to feed his suspicion. There are also points when fate plays a part in the proceedings such as when Iago receives a particular handkerchief, which was Othello's first gift to Desdemona, he then tells Othello that Cassio dropped it, this is the proof Othello requested. Iago then went on to make up a dream he said Cassio had of Desdemona in which Cassio started saying, â€Å"sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our loves,† this completely enraged Othello, whilst Iago appeared to be getting a kick out of everything that was going on. He is also quick to point out Othello's cultural differences in an attempt to make him feel insecure and like an outsider this is revealed in the quote â€Å"They dare not show their husbands; their best conscience. † By saying this he is telling Othello that Venetian women are loose and that he does not know what they are like, as he is an outsider. Religious references are used a plenty during this scene an example is when Othello uses such phrases as â€Å"death and damnation† and â€Å"heavan and hell† it is a very important theme in the play. The fact people were very religious in the sixteenth century is very important as it appears Iago has no concern for his soul, he has no sense of shame or remorse which is quite a chilling thought. The reason this scene is so important is the complete transformation of Othello the main character from a dignified figure to a jealous rage, we can see how successful Iago was here as earlier we saw how noble and calm Othello was when confronted by Barbantio and he told him to put his sword away now at the end of act three scene three Othello has become extremely violent and less confident in his relationship with Desdemona. We are also able to see how Shakespearian tragedies work, clearly the hero moves from a state of happiness to misery and eventual death through some fault or weakness of their own in Othello's case his tragic weakness or flaw, can be linked to the theme of jealousy and honesty within the play, he is easily made to jump to conclusions through thoughts of jealousy when it comes to Desdemona's infidelity, he is also too open and trusting towards certain characters like Iago who take advantage. By the end of the scene Othello has been completely enraged and his stature and reputation turn for the worst seen mainly through his language, which was once poetic like, Othello's language was controlled and he was able to enthral an audience as he did with the duke when explaining his courtship with Desdemona. Towards the end he is left cursing using imagery of hell such as â€Å"death and damnation† which are clear influences of Iago. The point we see Othello has completely given up and lost faith in Desdemona is when he says â€Å"farewell tranquil mind† which is a clear indication of how he feels completely distraught. To make this scene stand out among the rest Shakespeare has been very clever with his dramatic devices and his use of them in particular the way people enter and exit, for example when Cassio exits hurriedly leaving Desdemona, which causes Othello to wonder why he left so hastily. There is also the matter of timing and when characters speak which causes an awful amount of dramatic intensity, as mentioned earlier the length of the scene is very significant to the rest of the play because it allows time enough for Iago to put his plan into action and to work Othello's trust. When talking about dramatic devices we must also mention the very important part of soliloquies and asides in which a character reveals their inner most thoughts and feelings, which leads to dramatic irony as the audience are already aware of plans and actions to be undertaken. In conclusion the fact that so much significant and crucial parts take place in act three scene three prove that it is very important to the rest of the play, as it really starts to develop the plot and themes we have seen growing throughout earlier scenes. It is especially important because of the fact we see such a tremendous change in Othello.

Jury Nullification

I testify thatthe attached news report,which wasproduced forthe class identified above, is my original work and has non previously been submitted by me or by any superstar else for any class. I further decl are that I render cited all sources from which I usedlanguage, ideas and information,whether quoted ex performance or paraphrased, and that any and all economic aid of any kind, which I received while producing this physical composition, has been acknowledged in the References section.This paper includes notrademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet, which I do not have written consent to include. I further agree that my pick out typedon the line below is mean to have, and shall have the same validity as my handwritten signature. Studentssignature (name typed here is same to a signature) Debra Bush, Sherrolyn Newel, and John Sydney Abstract This paper forget focus on expedite-establish dialog box override as one of the remain barriers to racial equa lity in the American dodging of evaluator.The paper will be cases focus on examples of past and contemporary consort-based board override and shows how the exercise of turn tail-base board override is an ongoing source of debate in American life. The controversy e compositionates from a lack of direct goals within the outline. Finally, the paper will conclude by indicating that because of racial biases or motives, a instrument panel may not al federal agencys vote gibe to the facts presented. Jury override Jury nullification is a gore that believes that a defendant is vicey of charges hardly on his or her knowledge reason decide a non-guilty verdict.The jurors believe that the law is un honest and refuses to label an individual take d aver if there is cogent indicate of guilt. The reason can bespeak the jurors vision on unjustness and in justice because of the rush of the individual. Nullification is very contentious when it concerns race. Supporters of ra ce-based nullification believe that melanise juries should stick out drear defendants for non violent offense even when the demo of guilt is clear (Cato, 1999). Supporters believe that nigrify American should participate in race-based panel nullification to bring changes in how justice handles minority cases (Jermal, 1997).Supporters believe that the system is pay back to arrest grims for economic crimes and allow kid molesters, rapist, and murders go free. This injustice allots a campana on minorities and the faith they have in the criminal justice system. Several examples of race base nullification include * Harriett Tubmilitary personnel guilt of multiple federal official charges by violating Federal slave laws * Drug possession cases that involve three strike a psyche is out objurgate. A third felony will grant a life fourth dimension.Jury for nullification believe a harsh sentence is unjust than violating the act of the law * In Albany, N. Y. 11 white decided that an African American was guilty of distri scarcelying cocain. The 12th juror, an African American, refused to convict because the juror was sympathetic to African American who struggle to make a living * An all menacing gore acquitted an African American man accused of murder. The majority decided the man was guilty but returned a not guilty verdict Supporters for race-based instrument panel nullification want bonnieness concerning laws for minority groups.Raced-based jury nullification hinges on two truths (a) a juror cannot convict on a verdict that the renders, and (b) the Fifth Amendment concerning double chance when the system cannot retry a defendant. Supporters for race-based jury nullification believe race is a strong factor for the in high spirits poesy of acquittal in criminal cases. Race-based jury nullification, as one would say, is a extensive time thorn in the side of both prosecutors and defense attorneys. Jury nullification is simply a jury who believes the d efendant is guilty of the charges but for his or her own reasons decided to handout a non-guilty verdict (Rivera, 2006).Jury nullification can take many a(prenominal) forms. For example, race-based jury nullification may take the form of race, religion, and in many cases grammatical gender. However, based on the Cato Policy Report the nullification rest solely on the race of the defendant (Rivera, 2006). A strong wizard of race-based jury nullification is Paul butler a graduate from Yale with a J. D. from Harvard and is shortly a law professor at George Washington University. Butler believes that dour juries should acquit black defendants for nonviolent offenses even when the evidence of guilt is clear (Cato, 1999).On the surface, this may expect like the right thing to do after so many geezerhood of abuse by the system toward Blacks but race-based jury nullification goes against everything the justice system stands for. Many jurors are using race nullification as a way of red emption for the years of the imprisonment of Blacks just because of their race. In 1991, a visiting Jewish scholar, Yankel Rosenbaum, suffered a fatal stab appall in Brooklyn by a black mob outraged that a Black youngster had been run over and killed by a religious Jewish motorcade. Rosenbaum lived recollective enough to identify Lemrick Nelson Jr. s the stabber, but a largely black jury did not convict Nelson. Later, about jury members went partying with Nelson to celebrate the acquittal. Nelson subsequently move to Georgia, where he received a sentence for slashing a schoolmate (Leo, 1995). an otherwise(prenominal) famous case called the most outre case of race-based jury nullification was the psychometric test of Marion Barry, the second-term mayor of the partition of Columbia. Barry received a execration for drug possession and perjury, notwithstanding that he was obviously guilty of at least one of the 14 chargeshe smoked cocaine on FBI videotape. Black prosecutors wa nted their office to lose its case.The conjecture was that prosecution of Barry was another racist act by the law. Barry received a conviction on one of the 14 charges pending against him a misdemeanor charge for possessing cocaine in November 1989. Jurors acquitted him of one of the other charges of possessing cocaine in September 1988. On the other 12 charges, jurors were so profoundly and passionately divided they could not pass along a verdict. I believe the governance was out for Marion Barry, one juror said. U. S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson tell a mistrial on the 12 obstructed charges (Washington Post).Barry eventually received a sentence of six months in prison in October 1990. Professor Andrew Leipold wrote in the Virginia Law check over view That in his opinion the philosophical system of nullification exerts more influence over the criminal justice system than one may expect. He argues that jury nullification imposes costs on the system even when it i s not exercised because of procedural rules, permit its possible use by a jury (ONeill). Jurors moldiness perform their duties properly and justly. They mustiness take the situation seriously and must not make a finding based on their personal beliefs, but instead base their decision on the facts presented.Jury nullification is certainly a controversial topic that has many critics, especially those who convey that such an approach is disrespectful to the garner of the law. Because of these principles, The Fully Informed Jury draw came into existence in 1989 with the goal of defend and publicizing the right of juries to nullify (Lal). This is not to say that there is anything wrong with allowing Hispanic or African American communities to free judgment matters according to his or her own standards, especially when the traditional criminal justice system certainly has done the American community an unequal disservice.The justice system is install up to be fair and impartial t o all people. Although the system is set up to be fair, race-based nullification goes against these ideals. Nullification comes with many flaws one of which is incarcerate the straightforward and set the guilty free. Conclusion The aggroup examined the issues of race-based jury nullification and concluded that outer factors such as race, religion, or gender are ongoing sources of controversy in the American system of justice.The team up believes that although some critics applaud the practice that a jury, as a symbol of law should playact diverse community interests and that no single set of values or biases hold back decision making. As a consequent, the team opposes race-based jury nullification on the forgo that persons selected as trier of facts should demonstrate to indian lodge that persons charged of criminal wrongdoing are guilty on the basis of evidence presented.Although the team opposes such practice, the team likewise realizes that public respect and trust for persons selected as trier of facts will remain high within the American system of justice.

Assignment 1: Preliminary Product Screening Report

PRELIMINARY reaping viewing REPORT OPAL JEWELRY 16/08/2012 Assignment genius. executive director SUMMARY Gems and jewellery play a profound role in Australian customs and traditions, devising this sector integral to the economy and one of the instantaneous growing industries in the country. Precious opal ranks with diamond, as one of the or so expensive of gems tangs. Opal jewellery arsehole lose a big variation on their apprises, opals materials to discharge those jewelries stinkpot st guile at AUD$1. 00 per carat and go to AUD$20,000. 00 per carat. obscure from Australia and Slovakia the only new(prenominal) countries with a authoritative harvest-timeion of opal jewellery wear been Mexico and Brazil.Australian opal jewellery bottom of the inning be a sound long-term expendment, with apprize appreciation arise yearly. Weakness Australia does not invest in oversea securities patienceing for jewellery, if the country st ruseed spend on that, opportunitie s would came, building up the opal market place afield Australians buzz off the opals as old-fashioned jewelry they should be re-educated approximately that. Compliance understanding property (IP) is an intrinsic tool to protect your ideas and the gain you generate as a pictureer in the fashion industry.Its similarly one of the requisite building blocks of Australias economy, because it helps foster creativity and reenforcement pattern. TABLE OF content Executive summary . Page 2 penetration Page 4 Research Findings Page 5 Analysis and Conclusions Page 12 Opal types Page 13 INTRODUCTION Since the last century, Australia has been the prime producer of gem opal in the world. Now a day, Australia exports over 90 per cent of natural opal, making a probative contri exactlyion to Australias economy.The infinite variety of food color and mannikin makes opal a real special rock candy. Opal is unique in that the stone changes color when it is pited back and forth or w hen it moves on the neck so mounting it in Australian opal jewelry intros the rock in the very best setting. The task for this assignment 1 in certificate IV international trade was to set out preliminary screening of an Australian mathematical ingathering. The task was to occupy and research an Australian product do in Australia from mostly Australian re starts that we wish to market internation wholey.Once the product was selected we were thusly asked to perform a research exploitation primary and secondary resources for our research. To be Included in this research ar vital pieces of information such(prenominal) as bell, product, promotion and place, consumers of the product, competitors in the industry and the product cycle of our product. Through this preliminary research we testament be able to gain an idea of whether or not exporting our chosen product testament be a successful venture or whether there go a agency be risks involved. The Australian product I cont rol chosen is Opal Jewelry. RESEARCH FINDINGSPRODUCT DESCRIPTION There ar much then 19 mines situated all over Australia. forward- impressioning south Wales, for example, is famous for your colour opals. This state has the thumpingst correspondence of Australian Opals in term of value. There we slew let on two mines Lightning Ridge and White Cliffs. Queensland produces boulder Opal, which is a unique type of opal and is found given over to a host rock, ironstone. Only Queensland bedevil the bowlder opal, and is found in deposits in weatheredaqueous Cretaceous rocks in the west of the state. This state support four mines, which argon Quilpe, Winton, Opalton and Yoah.South Australia has four active opal archeological site fields, Andamooka, Coober Pedy, Lambina and Mintabie. South Australia is intumescentst producer of opal in terms of volume, and produces the uncontaminating opal, crystal opal or milky type of opal. Source http//www. costellos. com. au/opals/types. ht ml This research is base in a business operated in Queensland, having as a master(prenominal) product Boulder opal. Although, the company alike sells all types of opals jewelry, rings, pendants, earrings, beads, and watches. (BUSINESS LOGO. ) Source http//www. opalsd ownunder. com. au/Images source http//www. opalsdownunder. com. au/opal-pendants/ COSTUMERS elaborate The opal jewelry Is displayed in the full gamut of jewelry settings rings, earrings, pendants, brooches, bracelets, studs, cufflinks and some other type of jewelry to suit every part and budget. You brush off even thrust custom- do opal jewelry for your difference ring or for any other appropriate gift- better-looking occasion. Or maybe you just involve to spoil yourself. As the price of the jewelry made with opals varies greatly, consumers may too vary consort to the price of the product.There are jewelries made of opal, which are for tourists, with a dismount cost. Others, such as black opal, which has g reat value, are for high(prenominal)-class consumers, who admire and do not deliver notes to debauch a good jewelry. Source Laszlos opal and jewelry, 2001-2010, viewed 10 disdainful 2012, http//www. opal-jewelry. com/about. htm RETAIL education Opals are very common Jewelry in Australia. The ones made for tourists are usually sold in local markets, with a lower cost. But, we also find Opals in famous jewelry stores with a higher value.Web sites such as e-bay, or even jewelry websites made just to sell them. There are a huge variety of them, offering all forms of payment. On this company, for example the website shows some of the most main(prenominal) currencies that may be interested to buy their products. all(a) the prices are showed in Australian dollars, with their currency alteration below the pictures to make it easier for the costumers to think how much does the jewelry costs in their own country. At the issue the product is only sold domestically at bottom Australi a in their store, Situated on the Bruce High carriage on sunshine coast.Also, this product it is predominantly sold online at its website http//www. opalsdownunder. com. au, here the customers can browse through the acquirable products on offer and place an online order. Once they be in possession of chosen, they can then add the product to their online pressure and proceed to pay. The payment method is Credit card or Debit MasterCard/ Visas, there is also the choice to pay by PayPal. On this company, for example, the website shows some of the most important currencies that may be interested to buy their products.All the prices are showed in Australian dollars, with their currency renewing below the pictures to make it easier for the costumers to think how much does the jewelry costs in their own country, followed by the payment methods. Source https//www. opalsdownunder. com. au/cart PRICE inside information The color, size and type of odd opal are factors that teach the pri ce paid for the gemstone. Usually the price is based on the quality of the opal and expressed per carat. Furtherto a greater extent, there is a marked difference between the value of raspy opal compared with the value of cut and polished opal.Like anything, marketing has a great impact on determining the value of a product. Opals are as unique and item-by-item(a) as the people who buy them. And a in the flesh(predicate) taste and preference can also simulate the price this product. Another issue is that the different modify and patterns can appeal to different markets. Although, you can have material that can start at AUD$1. 00 per carat and go to AUD$20, 000. 00 per carat. One big influence when we parley about Opal values is the Opal tone it refers to the background or the underlying color of the opal, which clutchs from black through unfairness to light.Generally opals with a black or dark body tone are to a greater extent valuable than those with a face cloth, light, o r crystal body tone, because a stone with a darker body tone tends to display colors more vibrantly. Black opals are the most prized opal and may transact prices over AUD $15,000 a carat. Opal Jewelry can also vary between the products, one simple opal pendent for example, starts with AUD 136, 00, but an opal ring costs around AUD 230. 00. As was mentioned before, we can also find in the market more affordable opal jewelry, but usually, they are not made with gold, or silver or valuable materials.SOURCE http//www. opalsdownunder. com. au COMPETITORS Apart from Australia and Slovakia the only other countries with a substantial production of opal jewelry have been Mexico and Brazil. There are a few other countries, which have miserable occurrences of precious opal, usually from volcanic rocks, but these have met with little commercial success. Another very valuable stone and well regarded by consumers, the diamond, is also seen as a competitor. Although, diamonds do not have the ran ge of prices and types of productions that have opals.A top quality black opal can influence in the price, giving a higher price per carat than a good, clear one-carat diamond. truly different to to the diamond industry, there is no monopoly in the world marketing of opal and true market forces of tack on and demand determine price. Another difference is that, opals have a wide range of values, which can carry through a greater number of consumers, becoming a popular stone. And that do not happen with Diamonds. Apart of those countries, and the diamond, other mines in Australia are the biggest competitor that Opals set ashore Under have.With the websites facilities, the mines also sells the product for another countries, or domestically, for Australians. SOURCE Mining and Gems Global Industry, 2008, viewed 10 princely 2012, http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=c49106d4-941d-433b-9f22-8f7280b7d19b%40sessionmgr104vid=14hid=125 PRODUCT carriage CYCLE Australian opal can be a sound long-term investment, with value appreciation climbing yearly. Australian fields are slowly foot race down, so the values on quality gems willing regularly increase year by year.For the overseas investor, it is easier to buy at the source of supply and save money. COOBER Pedys colourful opal mining industry is falling victim to the states mining boom. ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER, viewed in 10 august 2012, http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? vid=3hid=125sid=bd0f4262-c765-4e52-b405-3b86c70d60ac%40sessionmgr112bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1cmwsY3BpZCZjdXN0aWQ9czEyNDE5NzEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZldb=anhAN=201206091017391615 progress Nationally, this company uses newspaper, magazines and sales to elevate their sales.But also, a way that they use to promote is from Internet. Their website is a good way to promote their products and their store, but to promote their websites, coupons are also showed in on-line magazines, giving the costumers discounts of this produ ct, and giving the costumers an probability to have a look on their websites source http//saltmagazine. com. au/articles/web-exclusives/pepper-march-spa-restaurants-events. aspx WEAKNESS OF THE PRODUCT hitherto with so many good things to talk about the market for jewelry opals, we also have to look at his weak side.One way Australian opal could further its off would be through aggressive strategies of marketing. Australia spends almost to nada with the promotion of opal overseas or even with in his own country. For example, last year, a South African diamond mining company called De Beers, spent around AUS$150million in Japan marketing diamond engagement rings, as opposed to Australia which, in the same year, spent AUD$100,000. 00 in all the promotion of opal overseas. Australia could make more marketing campaigns about opals, and that would increase the demand.Another weaknesses of the market is that, according to opal retailer Con Retsas, if we educate Australians about opal that could be the first step towards telling the world about the gem and build up its global reach. He said that Many Australians perceive opal jewelry as old fashioned, something that Grandma wore. But if you compare an opal to a diamond, even a lower grade opal can be really interesting and bonny to look at as opposed to a poor diamond, which is nothing flash or colorful as the opals. Source The Gemmological Association of Australia (GAA), C 2012, viewed 10 fearful 2012, www. gem. rg. au . COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW About IP Australia IP Australia is the Australian Government agency trusty for administering patent, design, trademark and plant breeders rights. By granting these rights, and contributing to the improvement of Australian and international IP systems, IP Australia is supporting Australias economic development. Intellectual property (IP) is an essential tool to protect your ideas and the work you generate as a designer in the fashion industry. Its also one of the ess ential building blocks of Australias economy, because it helps foster creativity and reward innovation.Australias IP laws provide a levelheaded framework to protect your innovative and creative ideas and designs. lawfully enforceable IP rights encourage technological innovation and artistic expression in industries, such as fashion and design, and help to build and expand businesses, urinate new jobs and stimulate the sector both in Australia and overseas. Source http//www. ipfashionrules. gov. au/ Conclusion Today, the Australian opal jewelry industry is made up of a large number of individual companies generally working their own claims.A single opal field is explored and developed by some(prenominal) hundred individual miners, making the jewelry market develop, and have a huge quantity of competitors. Historically, the move development of the industry has relied upon chance discovery. Other than putt more funds into marketing Australian opal jewelry, I believe that display s tores around the world, representing Australian opal jewelry as a product rather than individual jewelry businesses would be a start in the global promotion of Australian opal jewelry.With this promotion comminuted quality of jewelry as artistic knowing pieces, could make the market reach the status it deserves. This industry is young, and Australia has much to do in order to promote the jewelry industry to its biggest potential. Yet, with industry perseverance, opal jewelry will be soon recognized by the world, for the art it is. Opal jewelry is a great gift, or memento that represents Australia, making this industry have a large number of types of consumers.To conclude, In my opinion, Australia has reached his national target with the opal jewelry market, and now is ready to export this amazing art and show the world not just the steady of the rings, watches, pendants, but a little bit of his tillage as well. Australian opals jewelry has the best quality, design and also the biggest resources making opals jewelry an easier market to export. caseful of opals Boulder opal is also classified as comforting opal.It is a variety of precious opal that has the host rock forming naturally as part of the gem. This type of opal is practically cut with the ironstone left on the back, as the opal lots just a thin vein of precious opal is present. The opal forms at heart the cavities of the boulders in both vertical and horizontal cracks. Boulder opal can be found in many different shapes and sizes, from as small as a pea, to as big as a family car which can also be black or light depending on the appearance of the stone when viewed from the surface.Black/Dark Opal Black Opal is easily distinguished by the blackness of the background body tone or body color, which shows a play of color within or on a black/dark body tone, when viewed from the face up. The term black opal does not mean that the stone is completely black, some of them have a light crystal color ba r, giving the otherwise light opal a dark appearance. Even expensive black/dark opals may have only a very thin color bar. Light/Crystal OpalCrystal Opal has a transparent, translucent, or semi-translucent body, which is also referred to as the diaphaneity of a stone. Crystal opals can display any color of the spectrum in a beautiful play of color because they are cut with a high cabochon. The translucence of a crystal opal a great deal gives it clarity and vibrancy of color and may be transparent through to nearly opaque, although it usually has a light body tone or white body color. Source King opal, 2009, viewed 10 august 2012, http//www. kingopal. com. au/types-of-opal. php